Why Was The NHS Created?

Why Was The NHS Created? This essay will outline and discuss the creation of the National Health Service in England. It will focus on the events that contributed to the creation and development of the National Health Service. It will also investigate the extent that it was also opposed. The National Health Service was not as spontaneous and revolutionary as many historians had originally believed, as its origins and beginnings stretched back as far as to the eighteenth century. ..voluntary hospitals[] the sanitation revolution of the mid- nineteenth century [] and the first public housing, accompanied by the provision of isolated hospitals for smallpox and other infectious dieases.  [1]  These voluntary hospitals were the first types of medical institutes for the general public whereby groups of ill people would go to escape their everyday lives to try and recover from their illnesses. However the voluntary hospitals were not always easy to be admitted in to, which would have been very unnerving for the sick. voluntary hospitals could usually only be obtained by presentation of an order from a subscriber or governor.  [2]  This also meant that many people that needed medical treatment did not have access to it and thus had to turn to other types of treatmen t. The nursing profession was not highly respected at this time because of the jobs that it involved. There was also bad sanitation in these hospitals meaning that even if people were admitted there was a chance that they would die as a result of bad sanitation and not their illness alone. It was also at this time that there was an increase in the population of England, the voluntary hospitals did no cope with this increase well as they were under great strains because of this. The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in 1948. It initially advocated free medical care for all citizens of Britain regardless of wealth or class from the cradle to the grave. Its original structure consisted of a hospital service, primary care service as well as community services. However before the NHS was set up the majority of the population were required to pay for any medical treatment or care that they needed, this was problematic as the lower class citizens of Britain in particular found the price of these medical treatments increasingly difficult to pay for. This meant that they had little choice as to what they could do, they could either pay for the treatment which would mean that their household would be even worse off financially or to find other ways of treating their illness themselves. Even if they decided to pay for treatment, for serious illnesses it would have been unlikely that they would have survived, thus meaning that it was not always a wise choice to pay for their treatment. When the NHS was still only a theoretic idea, many people knew that something had to be done with the state of medical care and provisions within England. It was not until 1930 when the Poor Law Act was introduced that many of the poor were merely just sent to dispensaries to buy their medicine, which meant that the patients had no relationship with their doctor and were also not allowed a choice of doctor. This would have effected a lot of people as a relationship with their doctor would have been extremely important to them, more so if they were required to have on going treatment. Also for the medical profession, it would have been important for them to see the same patients to help with the effectiveness and reliability of medical care that the patients needed. The Poor Law Act was an important legislation that was passed as the health of the lower classes was incredibly bad until this time, and they received no health care benefits. Some attempts were made to alleviate sick paupers by outdoor relief and the attendance of parish doctors, but most Boards of Guardians found it cheaper and more convenient to admit them to a workhouse.  [3]  However this became difficult to conduct as too many people were being admitted to these workhouses. Even though the paupers were probably still able to work being in such a place would have been more detrimental to their health because they were not actually getting the medical attention they needed. In 1834 about 10,000 workhouse inmates needed medical care and the number had risen to over 50,000 in 1861.  [4]   The Boar War (1899-1902), World War One (1914-1918), as well as World War Two (1939-1945) could be said to have acted as a catalyst in the creation of the NHS. As the Boar war commenced, it was only too evident to the government how ill and unfit the British men were. Recruitment agents had to turn away the majority of men that came forward for the army as they were too unwell for the demands that the army would have put on them. rejecting about 60 per cent of military volunteers on grounds of stunted growth, rickets, poor eyesight, deformities and weight.  [5]  The conditions outlined were the result of malnurishment and was preventable. Fresh air, exercise and diet were seen as the best ways to elimate such conditions. The Government realised that they had to take measures to ensure that the health of Britain improved, as the country would not be able to perform well in war especially as Britain was a leading power in the world. As another way to help conquer these problems the Labour government implanted free school meals and milk for school children during the second world war. The National Health Insurance Act was introduced by Lloyd George in 1919. He wanted to make sure that lower paid workers were for the first time able to receive medical care. From this moment forward a large range of legislations were passed in relation to and in preparation for a health system for all. It was not until 1929 as part of the Local Government Act, that poor law hospitals were replaced with municipal hospitals that could only be used for taxpayers and paupers were no longer welcome. These hospitals were far from being sophisticated and luxurious, in fact they were no better than poor law hospitals. Many of the larger councils such as London were doing well as they had a constant flow of patients mainly due to larger numbers of people located in the city than in the rural areas, however this was not the case for all councils around England. A large number of the smaller councils were struggling with finance issues, as they were located in rural areas whereby there were not enough patients to use the service and make it efficient. The Kings Fund and the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, as protectors of hospitals realised that there was a problem that they these hospitals would not survive until they became more efficient. It could be argued that the on-set of world war two contributed to the formation of the NHS. It was important for military casualties to be treated effectively whilst Britain was at war. As a result of this the Emergency Medical Scheme (EMS) was set up in 1939 in anticipation of the major casualties that would be present during war time. The EMS was originally responsible for the casualties of servicemen at war. Hospitals were set up to cater for different kinds of injuries such as fractures, and those requiring plastic surgery and burns. However as the number of civilian casualties rose, the scheme extended its service to cater for victims of war such as those injured in domestic blitz attacks, as there were not as many military casualties as was expected. It was at this time that voluntary hospitals were thriving, however in the war years this posed a problem, as the hospitals began to find it increasingly difficult to get funding. They were also located randomly around the country , thus meaning that many ill patients were not able to be treated. The experience that was gained by the formation of the EMS was used as an example of what could be achieved. It could therefore be said that this was one of the first ideas and positive movements towards a national medical service. It was Walter Elliott, the present minister, who first suggested that government should look at a state run hospital service, rather than the Emergency Hospital Scheme which they already had. The Beveridge report was released on 1st December 1942, this focused on social insurance and allied services. Beveridge wanted to ensure that the people of Britian were well cared for and no longer confined to awful conditions. The main ideas in this report outlined the beginnings of a welfare state, he also believed that the Government should eradicate the Five Giant Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.  [6]  It was to be fully financed by insurance contributions, however private treatment would still be available. It was in this report that Beveridge proclaimed the need for a health service, however he was not precise and no detailed plans were explained. It has been argued that idea of this report becoming implemented resulted in a landslide voting for the Labour party in the 1945 elections. People believed that it would be a success and were eager for it to be introduced. However this changed notions of laissez faire. Clement Atlee was elected Prime Minister after the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchills Conservative Party in 1945. It was at this time that Atlee implemented the idea of the Welfare State, which included a National Health Service and Social Security. The Minister of Health Anuerin Bevan was appointed the role of conducting the service. A National insurance scheme was also set up by Lloyd George in 1911. People in work still had to make contributions each week, as well as employers, but the benefits provided were now much greater. When the NHS was finally started on 5th July 1948 as part of the National Insurance Scheme, The English society had just come out of a major war and were therefore used to having little and thus were content with the simplicity of the health service and saw it as an improvement. The NHS advocated many sanctions including, free general practioners and patient care for all, nationalisation of hospitals, as well as the capitation of general practictioners. It was funded entirely by public taxations. This was a great relief for the poor. The poor gained access to doctors and a range of treatments previously beyond their means, and no longer needed to worry economically about illness or injury.  [7]  However this soon changed in 1951 when charges were imposed for prescriptions, teeth and spectacles. There were many successes as well as failures with the NHS as a whole. It promoted medical technology and advancement of drugs such as penicillin which on the other hand was over used during this period. Infant mortality was reduced as a result of women being able to give birth in clean sanitised areas. There were no longer restrictions for who could be treated. However, the NHS had many problems with finance as overspending was a regular occurance. The NHS budget ed for one million pounds for opticians, but within a year 5.25 million spectacle prescriptions  [8]   There was much opposition to the National Health Service even before it was officially set up. Doctors in particular were deeply displeased, they were worried that as a result of standardisation they would ultimately lose money for their profession. Many of the medical professionals relied on visiting private patients and were not treating people in the hospital. Margret Grieve a midwife worked in Dumfries she explained why the other doctors were concerned with a move towards a universal service. there was apprehension about being employed by the government. I remember the consultants talking about it. Most of them earned only a pittance from their hospital work, so they depended on private patients for their living, and they were afraid of losing that. The private patients did not want it either. But the ones coming back from the war were happy with the NHS, because they did not have the private patients.  [9]  The BMA (British Medical Association) believed that the move towards a salarised service would pose a threat to clinical freedom. The BMA were serious about what they believed and made a stand. They told their members not to conform to the Act, and asked them to sign a petition in agreement that they would refuse to serve until the government accepted almost conditions put forward by their council.  [10]  The BMA were probably the most powerful organisation to oppose the NHS as without doctors, the NHS would not have been able to run and ultimately survive. The Minister of Health said that, until the autumn of 1947,there had been some prospect that the medical profession as a whole would willingly accept the scheme for a National Health Service, and many leading members of the profession were still favourably disposed to it.  [11]  There was conflict between the medical professions and government up until the NHS act was passed in 1948, in April of the same year it looked unpromising that the doctors would even join. Doctors representatives and most Tory policitians sought secure funding for hospitals, but were unwilling to see the prestigious charity hospitals subordinated in an extension of local authority services.  [12]   Only the most senior doctors in hospitals (consultants) were allowed to continue private treatment.  [13]  Churches and Charities also feared that they would be forced to become nationalised and would become inclusive of the NHS plans. However in due time the BMA had no choice but to release its members from their agreements as the professionals had began joining the NHS, had resigned from the BMA and therefore were not taking any notice of the BMA advice. Resignations from the BMA increased every month during the second half of 1912.  [14]  Bevan had to compromise a lot for the BMA, he allowed GPs and consultants to continue to run their private practises as well as an increased salary for consultants and nurses. The professionals also began to realise that by not going the NHS they would become less financially stable. Bevan did all he could do and gave them offers that they could not refuse. I stuffed their mouths with gold.  [15]  In effect Bevan compromised with the BMA, by making the NHS sound appealing to them. However the Conservation party also were not fully accepting of the service and the labour party were also divided over the direction of a health service, Herbert Morrison believed that the service should not be run by the government but by the local councils. However this went against what Bevan was advocating, as it defeated the object that the service was to be universal. There was no necessarily a lot of opposition to the National Health Service, but the main opposition being the BMA was the largest and the most significant, as without professionals it would not have been able to function. Bevan saw this as a challenge.

The Participial Adjective Part of English :: Free Essay Writer

The Participial Adjective Part of English I’ve always found the I-N-G words in English grammar rather annoying and bothersome. Of course Gerunds are I-N-G words that look like verbs but act like nouns in sentences. For example the sentences â€Å"Skating is fun,† â€Å"My favorite sport is skating,† â€Å"I like skating† and â€Å"There are many moves in ice skating† show the Gerund skating as a subject, as a predicate nominative following a linking verb, as a direct object following an action verb and as an object of the preposition â€Å"in.† Gerunds only occasionally give me a hard time as in the cases of me not wanting to own a lightning rod out of fear of being electrocuted or me wondering in which direction a newspaper heading is actually heading. The I-N-G ending (or Present Participle) words that behave like verbs occasionally give me a hassle. I sometimes speculate that â€Å"mowing lawns† could cut me up pretty good and that â€Å"pet grooming† advertised on a sign makes me think, â€Å"I don’t want any pet grooming me!† I mean â€Å"painting houses† could change your skin color in-a-hurry and â€Å"hearing aids† sounds plenty more dangerous than H-I-V. Revolving charge accounts can make you dizzy if you watch one long enough, and I often wonder if fencing companies sometimes abandon using sabers and instead fight with swords? If an idea is swimming around in my head, would I then be a candidate for contracting water on the brain? Incidentally I believe that eating crow is for the birds, particularly the buzzards, but I prefer telling the truth while standing up rather than lying on the ground. And how could a person ever be caught throwing a tantrum unless the spectator knows exac tly what a tantrum looks like and how much it weighs. And once at a circus sideshow I was gullible and paid a dollar to see â€Å"the man-eating crabs† only to walk into a back room and see a man sitting at a table eating crabs. Sure stupid jokes can be made by inter-playing ing verbs but it’s when the Present Participle is used as a Participial Adjective that my patience and tolerance are absolutely tested to their limits. I mean how would you like to go into a large contingent of stores and have to compete with a shopping mall. And why don’t hunting lodges walk around in the middle of the forest with loaded shotguns?

Opportunities for you and your organization in the maintenance of a blog to address customer issues Essay

Blogs can be fun and very informative. Blogs could have a major impact on students, faculty, and staff. The opportunities for students, faculty, and staff are endless. Most students are fit within an age group that grew up with networking and social technology. They are familiar with blogs and social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. For some, it is their primary means of getting information and learning. With 36,000 students, blogging can be a means of communicating security concerns, major impacts to the university operations, and crisis management. As mention in McNurlin and Sprague (2006), Dan Farber suggests â€Å"One corporate use of blogs is for crisis management. A blog can be more appropriate than e-mail in managing a crisis (such as a fire or a security breach). All the postings can be on one site, in journaling style, rather than passed as disconnected e-mails, notes Farber. † (p. 292) Students and faculty also like to voice their opinion about the way the university is run. Blogs would give them a voice to express those opinions due to the nature blogs. McNurlin and Sprague went on to say that â€Å"What readers seem to trust about blogs, that they do not trust about conventional media, is their opinionated and personal nature. † (p. 293) Blogs would also be a valuable marketing tool for the university. Blogs hosted by students could give direct advice and opinion to prospective students. According to Laudon and Laudon (2006), â€Å"Blogs provide a more personal way of presenting information to the public and prospective customers about new products and services. † (p. 123) Finally, blogs are a way to manage customer relationships. Faculty, staff, and students are considered customers of the information technology department. It is important to communicate changes, outages, and useful information that help to make the customer experience with technology more enjoyable. The more tips and helpful advice IT can give to end-users, the better the experience. In turn, IT can learn the needs, wants, and opinions of their customers. According to Haag, et, al (2005), â€Å"Customers interact with companies in many ways, and each interaction should be easy, enjoyable, and error free. †

Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory

A Critical Examination of Valls’ Interpretation of Just War Theory In light of recent events and the current â€Å"war on terrorism† it seems critical to move away from political rhetoric and approach the issue with as much reasonable objectivity as possible. The central question that Andrew Valls attempts to answer is weather terrorism can be justified. He argues that it can in some cases when measured against just war theory. Just war theory sets moral limits on the waging of war while justifying its legitimacy. I am in agreement with his conclusion but my defense of his argument relies on acceptance of his definition of terrorism, which seems to me rather broad. Valls defines terrorism as political violence done to persons or property committed by nonstate actors. It must be politically motivated for any other form of violence is considered crime and subject to domestic laws. He adds violence against property to include attacks that would be considered terrorism even though they do not harm people. An example of this would be the bombing of an abortion clinic. When he limits the violence to nonstate actors, he doesn’t deny the existence of state sponsored terrorism. He states that this type of violence is a matter of domestic justice, and in cases outside its borders, just war theory can be applied. With this definition he attempts to avoid two difficulties. He does not prejudge the issue by characterizing terrorism as something intrinsically wrong, which is what Walzer seems to do. How can there be serious discussion about a normative issue if it is already defined as unjustifiable? He also attempts to avoid making his definition stipulative. I would argue that Valls’ definition is too broad with respect to his contention that it is nonessential to include fear or intimidation as a deliberate strategy of terrorism. Of course if this provision were added, it would weaken his argument by disqualifying many case... Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory A Critical Examination of Valls’ Interpretation of Just War Theory In light of recent events and the current â€Å"war on terrorism† it seems critical to move away from political rhetoric and approach the issue with as much reasonable objectivity as possible. The central question that Andrew Valls attempts to answer is weather terrorism can be justified. He argues that it can in some cases when measured against just war theory. Just war theory sets moral limits on the waging of war while justifying its legitimacy. I am in agreement with his conclusion but my defense of his argument relies on acceptance of his definition of terrorism, which seems to me rather broad. Valls defines terrorism as political violence done to persons or property committed by nonstate actors. It must be politically motivated for any other form of violence is considered crime and subject to domestic laws. He adds violence against property to include attacks that would be considered terrorism even though they do not harm people. An example of this would be the bombing of an abortion clinic. When he limits the violence to nonstate actors, he doesn’t deny the existence of state sponsored terrorism. He states that this type of violence is a matter of domestic justice, and in cases outside its borders, just war theory can be applied. With this definition he attempts to avoid two difficulties. He does not prejudge the issue by characterizing terrorism as something intrinsically wrong, which is what Walzer seems to do. How can there be serious discussion about a normative issue if it is already defined as unjustifiable? He also attempts to avoid making his definition stipulative. I would argue that Valls’ definition is too broad with respect to his contention that it is nonessential to include fear or intimidation as a deliberate strategy of terrorism. Of course if this provision were added, it would weaken his argument by disqualifying many case...

Non-lethal Weapons

Non-lethal Weapons Free Online Research Papers Non-lethal weapons (also known as less-than lethal weapons) are one of the most important forms of technology in the twenty-first century. They are a well-needed augmentation for the guns and other types of lethal weapons that are being used to defend innocent lives without the desire to cause bloodshed and death. Mainly used by law enforcement and U.S. forces, non-lethal weapons can also be purchased and owned by civilians over a specific age in some states. The different types of non-lethal weapons range from hand-held spray-able irritants to long-range chemical lasers. While the types are different in physical appearance and content, their purpose is the same. Non-lethal weapons are meant to keep a person or group from harm by confusing, disorienting, or momentarily distracting potential threats. They can be used in varying types or situations with varying levels of danger. Well-known and often-used types of non-lethal weapons are the irritant named Mace and the electroshock weapon called a Taser. Mace is a tear gas made from 1% CN gas in a solvent of 2-butanol, propylene glycol, cyclohexene, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether that comes in an aerosol spray form and is meant to be sprayed into the face of an attacker. It causes an intense burning sensation in the attacker’s eyes and causes the person to cough and gag due to suffocation effect caused by breathing it in. This would give the user a perfect opportunity to flee from their enemy. Mace is commonly used by police officers all over the United States . The Taser is also a weapon typically equipped by the members of local police forces. When used on a person, the Taser is a device that fires out two small dart-like electrodes that enter into a subjects flesh and uses an electrical current to disrupt the persons control of their muscles and results in strong muscle contractions. Meant to b e used on potentially dangerous subjects, it is a simple and effective tool to escape possible harm. There are also many non-lethal weapons still underdevelopment that are far more complex and useful compared to it much simpler counter-part. Possibly one of the most impressive forms of non-lethal weapons still under development by the U.S. military is the pulsed energy projectile weapon (PEP). Designed for riot control from a distance, the pulsed energy projectile uses an invisible chemical laser that creates a large flash and shockwave to disorient and knock-out all people being targeted. The PEP is said to be able to work over distances of up to 2 kilometers and is more than likely going to be mounted on vehicles due to its large size. Although it is still only under development, the PEP shows how advanced in technology the Non-lethal weapons are becoming. Non-lethal weapons have a very positive effect on out society. They give policemen another option for how to protect civilians. This new options is a major improvement compared to the traditional firearms and blunt weapons commonly used by police officers because they can save lives without serious injury. This makes sure that justice is properly served in an emergency situation. The military benefits from Non-lethal weapons as well by allowing them more options on how to defend themselves and make assaults on enemies. There are nearly no negatives to Non-lethal weapons. The only problem with them is the slim chance that they can kill someone. There has only been a handful of cases where a Non-lethal weapon has ended a person’s life, but in most of those cases the victim a pre-existing condition that made them more susceptible to fatal injury. There was one such case where a person with a weak heart was killed while being struck with a Taser. Although it is possible, it is very rare that a person is seriously injured by a Non-lethal weapon. The fact that we have created an alternate option to lethal weapons is one of the ways Non-lethal weapons have impacted the world around us. Non-lethal weapons have certainly made a strong impact in the United States and other parts of the world with the technology to build them. They have not gone unnoticed by U.S. forces and law enforcement. The authorities have fully-integrated the new non-lethal technologies to their arsenal of equipment, which has spared many lives and made certain situations much easier to handle. Without the creation of Non-lethal weapons, conflicts that typically would have ended in death can now end without bloodshed by either party. The creation of lasers and other types of technologies designed to be integrated into Non-lethal and lethal weapons is causing advancement in the level of technology in the world. Non-lethal weapons are a very important form of technology. They have helped cause technological advancement because without them there would be no need for the development of lasers and other types on technology. They allow civilians to defend themselves against crime and allow U.S. forces safer ways to end conflict. I believe Non-lethal weapons are a great form of technology and will continue to save lives as long as they are still around. Research Papers on Non-lethal WeaponsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentTrailblazing by Eric AndersonIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

A Current Crime Prevention Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Current Crime Prevention Program - Essay Example A simple question that can be asked by a layman is why does crime exist? A set of individuals or a certain group of people can answer it very briefly, saying that it exists because criminals commit crimes. But on the other hand another group of individuals can relate it to the law and order of the government. They might have an opinion that because there is a law of everything and as a responsible citizen of the country, a person is bound to abide with that law, so people who de-track from the right path, intentionally or un intentionally commit crimes and become criminals in order to challenge the rules and regulations of their country. The word crime has become a daily part of our lives with every person experiencing it in one way or the other. Every country, every state, every town and every street has become a target for the crime seekers. In order to prevent, overcome or minimize this calamity from our society, the people have to be alert and the local authorities have to be on their toes. (James Q Wilson 1983). Lately Crime prevention programs have been set up by many authorities with collaboration with the local residents. One thing is very clear, that the government or the law enforcing agencies cannot work alone to minimize the effects of crime or criminals in a certain area. They need the help, cooperation and association of the locals. As they are also part of the community so their input and advice matters a lot to the authorities. DISCUSSION Crime has had hold of every part of this world and has spread like an infection across the globe .With street crimes on high, productive preventive measures have to be taken to safeguard the lives of the people. For this purpose many Crime Prevention Units work hard to reduce crime and improve the surrounding areas of the society to be friendly and safe for living. (National Advisory Committee). Their major aim is to improve the quality of living with the help of the local residents of that area by preventing s treet crimes like theft, robbery, bullying, child abuse, burglary, kidnapping, shop lifting and many more. In order to maximize the input and minimize the occurrence of a particular crime the Crime Prevention Units must seek help from the residents, shop owners, famous personalities and make them their co-partners in the prevention of this unethical activity. By doing this, with their collaborators in street it will be much easier to govern the area as they can inform the required department about any crime almost immediately or at the time it is taking place. In this way it’s easy and helpful to safeguard even if the area has a vast expansion. The Crime Prevention specialists, working as their members would deliver and support ever-evolving prevention and safety programs, and maintain close partnerships with organizations and community members. Specialists would work out their strategies that will range from personal safety of a human being to self defense techniques. They w ill try their best to stay aware with the latest residential security practices, and hence process the trends in case of any crime taking place. In this way it will also help them to stay alert of any future un-happenings. ANALYSIS Without the introduction of the Crime Prevention Systems to reduce the street crimes, it would be extremely difficult for the law enforcing authorities to bring the rate of crime under control, plus without the local residents taking part as volunteers in this program the authority may come to a halt in resolving these criminal acts as Businesses and business men would get affected, shopping malls, banks, petrol stations,

The Impact Of Global Warming On Developing Countries Essay

The Impact Of Global Warming On Developing Countries - Essay Example Global warming has been directly linked to increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. The Earth is warmed by the radiant heat from the rays of the sun, which is generally equal to the amount of energy that is radiated back from the Earth in the form of infra red radiation. Thus the temperature of the Earth remains constant. However, the temperature of the Earth is directly dependent upon the composition of its atmosphere and when there is an excess of carbon dioxide and similar gases in the atmosphere, it blocks the infra red radiation from the surface of the Earth, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and creating a "greenhouse effect" which increases global temperatures Rapid industrialization has resulted in increased energy use, with the resultant multiplication of carbon dioxide emissions. According to Roberts (2004), energy demand in countries like India, China and Brazil is developing so fast that it may double by 2020, while in the developed countries, the demand for power is fast outstripping supply, raising the specter of blackouts. In fact Roberts (2004) also points out that â€Å"China has seen dramatic increases in its energy consumption in recent years (pp. 143–145). In the words of one scientist; â€Å"China's rapid industrialization has led to upward revision of predictions... While previously we thought in terms of doubling the strength of the CO2 content of the pre industrial atmosphere, current thought is moving toward a tripling† (Broecker 1586).