As You Like It Essay

As You Like It Essay Belonging is the inclusion of both acceptance and alienation. Belonging is security, connection and camaraderie where as not belong is estrangement, ostracism and seclusion. To belong to people, communities or shoot fors ignore create demonstrable as well as negative outcomes. Peoples perceptions of belonging are unendingly changing due to personal, historical, cultural and social contexts. In Shakespeares As You Like It incorporates both aspects of belonging acceptance and alienation. Different types are presented throughout the run away by showing connections to place, to people and to ideas.Each connection that is presented details the characters emotions, actions and morals and values. Connections to certain places is expressed throughout the match but is not restricted to a single environment. Various characters including Orlando, Rosalind and Duke Senior all achieved a sense of belonging through their banishment/withdrawal from the court environment t o the Forest of Arden. The romance, once a place where these characters rightfully belonged and had created affinities with, now had became a hostile and foreign environment forming negative outcomes.Not long after, they created connections to the Forest of Arden by the forest providing them with a place of protection and a place to heal their wounded emotions. The forest and the Court are juxtaposed because both environments are necessary to create balance and amity between the characters so they can live happy and fulfilled lives. Rosalind and Orlando had to be banished from the Court, to then thrive and find themselves in the Forest of Arden enabling them to then renovation to the Court to live their lives where they rightfully belong displaying the importance of these environments.Connections to people are what forms their morals and values and defines their actions. Celia is a perfect example of a connection to a person. She demonstrated the power of love and ones connectio n to a person through her loyalty and devotion to Rosalind by showing that she would abandon everything the Court life and her father, to follow Rosalind into the forest. She had displayed that there is no home at the court, no sense of belonging, without her Rosalind. This connection that Celia had with Rosalind created positive effects to herself and conveyed how belonging to a person was necessary for a positive outcome.Connections to certain ideas define who people are but they also can be poignant and thought provoking toward the audience. Through the play the quote All the worlds a stage pessimistically tells us that we all are one in this life. The play affirms that everyone belongs to the same military personnel race and they all have the same ending. This idea is expressed in the dance at the end. It represents a social ritual where everyone belongs and they celebrate love, marriage and parkland humanity. Ideas can also shape ones perceptions of the world and how they act t oward them.Belonging can not just create positive or negative outcomes but it can either enrich or diminish a persons life their actions, decisions, morals and values and emotions. In Shakespeares As You Like It everyone experiences positive outcomes because it is one of his comedies. Belonging throughout the play established its importance to the characters and also detailed the connections they had with each other, their environment and themselves. It also showed how belonging is continually modifying to ones circumstances but also by their personal, historical, cultural and social contexts.

How Does Dickens Present the Development of Pip’s Character?

The novel Great Expectations follows the story of a young boy, Pip, who realizes his identity as he strives to be above his social stratum, and shows the development and changes in his character. Pips personality traits change by interaction with other people in the course of this story. Although Pip was brought up in a harsh and poor background, with a punishing sister, who had brought him up by hand, he was gentle and kind. However, after his encounter with Miss Havisham and Estella, his perception of the earth is drastically altered, and along with this so does his character.The endorser first sees how human Pip is when he meets the escaped convict, Magwitch, in the graveyard. Dickens creates a sense of pathos through Pips description of Magwitch he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms, which shows that he is in a terrible state and active to literally fall apart. Here Magwitch is portrayed as vulnerable, injured and not very menacing. This novel is narrated by Pip th erefore it is Pip that is describing Magwitch in a pitiful state. Consequently, Pip does not see Magwitch as a threat instead he feels sorry for him and is sympathetic.Pip is very brave, as he faced the convict, Magwitch, who was some(prenominal) times his size and many more times as strong, despite being so young. He was even able to talk to him politely, If you would kindly amuse to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldnt be sick, and perhaps I could attend more. Also, instead of fleeing at once, Pip had wished Magwitch goodnight. This takes a reliable amount of courage, and also shows that Pip is well-mannered. Furthermore, Pip is curious about Magwitch and cares about him, as he did not run away as shortly as he was freed, I stopped to look after him.This shows that Pip was concerned about Magwitchs wellbeing, as if he was truly scared of Magwitch and was just sack to go home to carry out his errand, he would project run straight home. Staying and watching after Magwi tch portrays that Pip has a good heart and has a gentle character. Dickens also demonstrates Pips capacity for compassion when he returns to Magwitch of his own free will with food, water and a file, when he could have reported him the police. Pip did not bring Magwitch food and water just because he was threatened to do so, but because he wanted to do this.The reader can see this as Pip brings good food and brandy to Magwitch, some bread, some rind of cheese, about half a jar of mincemeat some brandy a bewitching round compact pork pie, and not just simple bread and water. This shows that Pip is generous and considerate, willing to risk being discovered by Mrs Joe that he had stolen a pork pie, just for the convict. Pip and Magwitch share an interesting relationship here, where Pip is the loving, nurturing superior, despite the fact that he is younger than Magwitch.This event shows that Pip is tender, nurturing, and has a matured character. The turning point in Pips lifespan come s after his first visit to Satis house, when he meets Miss Havisham and Estella. After this visit, he is greatly influenced by them and starts to treat himself and his family very differently. Estella, whom Pip go in love with at once, has a profound effect on Pip, as he soon starts to despise himself and detest the way he acts and looks, I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair.Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it. Estella, who is the tool for revenge of Miss Havisham, is the character which causes Pip to start hating himself and wish he was more comparable Estella than the person he is now. Therefore, Pip has become more self-critical of himself, as he disapproves of his own appearance and behaviour. Pips desire for advancement largely overshadows his underlying goodness. Not only is Pip changing his attitude towards himself, but also towards his family and friends.He e choes Estellas words precisely when he is evaluating Joe one day, how common Estella would consider Joe, a mere blacksmith how thick his boots, and how coarse his hands. This further enforces how Pip aspires to be like Estella, as he is trying to speak like her and share the same views. Also, Joe is a father-figure to Pip, as he tries to protect Pip from his wifes angry outbursts, Joe and I being fellow-sufferers, and having confidences as such, Joe imparted a confidence to me. However, now Pip is looking mow on Joe, who was a friend, a brother and a father to him.As well as disapproving Joe, Pip even blames him to an extent for his behaviours, I determined to deal Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture-cards, Jacks, which ought to be called knaves. I wished Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too. This is quite unrefined and disrespectful, as Joe had always been kind to Pip. It is not Joes fault to have been born into a p oor, lower class family and for Pip to blame Joe in such a way is very unfair. Therefore Pip is starting to become ungrateful and snobbish, even to his nearest and dearest. Pip is ashamed now f the life he leads and with whom he leads it with, as he mentions several times that he is ashamed of home. Initially, Pip had many terrific images of home, I had believed in the calculate door, as a mysterious portal of the Temple of State whose solemn opening was attended with a sacrifice of roast fowls I had believed in the model as the glowing road to manhood and independence. However, he follows this by saying how embarrassed and unhappy he is of his home when he says, Now, it was all coarse and common, and I would not have had Miss Havisham and Estella see it on any account. This shows that Miss Havisham and Estella have changed his perception of his quality of life, from believing that he lived in a wonderful world, to believing that he led a worthless life. Pip has changed from bei ng content with living a simple life, to being constantly desiring to improve his office and impressing Estella. As a character, Pip has developed from being a humble, kind boy with an innate goodness about him, into a young man who falls madly in love with Estella, to such an extent where he would do anything to win her over and that it blinds him from everything else.He disapproves of his family and hurts those around him, including himself. As a character, however, Pips hopes of a higher position in society often leads him to perceive the world rather narrowly, thinking that by thinking and acting like an upper class individual would automatically make him accepted in those ranks. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that Pip at heart is a very generous and sympathetic young man, with an inborn moral nature.

Child Socialization Essay

What are the agents of peasantren enculturation?Socialization AgentsIntroductionWhat is an agent of socialization? An agent of socialization is people and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes and behavior. There are louvre agents that play a reference in the socialization of clawren. Every agent of socialization plays a role in the break bulgement of pip-squeakren. In this essay I play on describing the five agents and how they aid in child development. The five socializing agents consist of Family, School and Childcare, Peers, Mass media, and residential area. As children grow and change the centre of influence of each agent changes. Children will learn to develop trust, independence, the tendency to take initiative, the sense of competence and ambition, the decision on who we are, our relationships with others, and reflections on life in general. FamilyRead morePersonal factors that affect child development essayThe family functions to locate childr en socially, and plays a major role in their socialization. Raising a family is neer easy. In order for everything to run smoothly, each person has a role to play. Humans learn and develop to be the adult person that they become. As the child develops and advances in psychosocial development, the agents become stronger or weaker in their might for influence. Early in a childs development, the family is, of course, the strongest agent, but as the child advances to preschool age, programs or schools set off to exert influence. At school age, peers are active socialization agents. School and Child CareIn school children are place outside the direct control of the family, and learn to learn to become a part of a peer group. Children in sports will learn socialization skills and values. Education is the process by which corporation transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another. It happens through any experience that has aformative eff ect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. With more mothers working in our society daycare has become a significant agent of socialization. Families give up to look for a caregiver who fork overs warm, lovable care and guidance for the child and works with the family to ensure that the child develops in the best way possible. The caregivers have to have a setting that keeps the child safe, secure and healthy and developmentally appropriate activities that help the child develop emotionally, socially, mentally and physically. PeersPeer groups provide support for children as they transform into the adult society. Children start change magnitude dependence on parents. They will increase feeling of self-sufficiency, and connecting with a much larger social network. The circumstance peer pressure is often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing their behavior to agree that of their peers. Peer groups have a significant influence on p sychological and social adjustments for group individuals. They provide perspective outside of individuals viewpoints. Members inside peer groups also learn to develop relationships with others in the social system. Mass MediaMass media arises as communication technology spreads information on a freshly scale. The mass media have an enormous effect on a mass scale. The mass media cover a wide range of means of communication, information and entertainment, such as books, music, newspapers and magazines, radio, television, the Internet as well as video games. The mass media have an enormous effect on our attitudes and behaviors. It also affects our way of thinking. When we go out shopping we are going to want to buy what we just markn on the TV. The portrayal of human characters in different programs and its advertisements on television influences our perspective on what is healthy, cool, or the new IT item that we now have to run out and purchase. The same programs help in shaping the attitudes, values, and basic orientation of people to life. CommunityThe term companionship has two distinct commutative meanings 1) Community can refer to a ordinarily small, social unit of any size that shares common values.The term can also refer to the field of study community or international community, and 2) in biology, a community is a group of interacting living organisms share a populated environment. Community groups can give children different perspectives. The location of what type of community you survive in will affect your child socialization. It has been proven that children in a lower economic community are more likely to commit crimes, drink, and drugs. ConclusionThere are many factors that influence your child and the way your child will become independent. Every child will be raised in difference cultures, school, and environments. Each child is different one child might take a cheers as a compliment while a child with low self-esteem may see an insult . I feel that the family plays the biggest role with development with the child. These five examples of influences on our socialization are important in shaping the adult that we will become.References1. http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/community2. www.boundless.com3. Child, Family, School, Community Socialization and support (9th edition). Roberta M. Berns.

Brain Injury Essay

render the possible signs, symptoms, indicators or behaviours that may motility concern in the context of safeguarding.A Person may treat by either inflicting psychic trauma or failing to prevent the harm glide byring. Some of the behaviours indicating possible concern with regards to safeguarding children arePhysical abuse such(prenominal) as bruises to parts of the body, fingertip bruising (grasp mark), bruises of different ages in the same place. Outline bruises (hand prints, belts or shoes). It could be burns, bites and scars and fractures, poisoning or drowning. Physical harm could also be when a parent/ feel forr makes up medical exam symptoms or deliberately causes illness in a child/young mortalNeglect such as the child/young person being undernourished, having dirty skin and hair, dirty or filthy clothing, inappropriate clothing for the weather, hunger and stealing food, always being tired, being withdrawn, being left unattended inappropriately and not being given any medical care. Neglect may also occur in pregnancy, if the mother is taking illegal drugs or excessive alcohol.Sexual abuse such as recurrent urinary infections, genital and rectal itching and soreness, inappropriate behaviour regarding age and ability, inappropriate take aim of sexual knowledge, and sexual abusive behaviour toward others, lack of trust, regression, become isolated and withdrawn.Emotional abuse such as low self-esteem, attention seeking behaviour, nervous behaviour, continual rocking, hair twisting, delayed development, and self harming.Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in line with policies and procedures of own settingIf a child or young person alleges they have been harmed or abused I would listen carefully to them and stay calm. I would not show repulsion or shock. I would show that I believed the child and would reassure them. I would give them time to talk and wouldnt hurry them. I would take notes in the moment and record facts correctly. I would not put talking to into their mouths or ask closed questions I.E What happened, rather than did they hit you? I would let them talk as oftentimes as they wanted to and not interrupt them.I would not promise the child/young person that I would not tell anyone and explain that I may have to tell the appropriate people. The dot of confidentiality will be governed by the need to protect the child/young person. Depending on the situation I would either call my supervisor or manager to discuss there and then, or go straightforward back to the office and discuss face to face with my supervisor or manager. I would then character up the report whilst it was fresh in my mind. If the child was not safe or at fortune of harm and had to be removed from the home I would wait until the appropriate people attended.Depending on the cruelness of the abuse, I may call the police, child protection and health professionals. We have a duty of care by law to repo rt any safeguarding issues/concerns with the appropriate people. We should NOT confront an alleged abuser.

Development and Aging

benevolent development has direct to have an insight into the develop kind processes in humans throughout the emotional state cycle. Biological, cognitive and personality atomic number 18 some of the aspects of development, which have been explored. The development in life cycle at all points can be understood by taking into account some primary forces these are the mixture of past secular conceptualizations, current developmental themes, and environmental influences. They constitute Time sense.According to the reports on American family history, the four approaches perceived by social scientists to study family are household composition, generations, family cycle and life-course. The study of life-course has been proved the most baccate approach for a dynamic, complex view of families that acts as a linking line between domestic domain of a function and wider societal trends and concerns. The analytical approach of life-course contributes historiographically in four areas of family life- childbearing, early child development, adolescence and old age.Development of health problems with outgrowth age is another area to be focused on study of difference in enrollment level of people in mid-life, late life transitions and stressful life events, the effect of family conditions on mental health is studied, the frequency of occurrence of mental disorders such as organic problems, schizophrenia and depression, with age. Age tie in sexual problems, substance abuse and psychosomatic problems are other areas of research during early, middle, late and elderly hood.However, it is tranquilize usual that most dramatic developmental changes takes place during infancy and early childhood. Researchers have accepted adolescence as the age of major changes. Middle-aged people are often found to be indulged in bare life events such as redundancy or divorce. In early old age (i. e 50s and 60s), people are encountered with the problems of retirement and reduced standard of living. The late old age consists of death of life partner and serious health problems. In nutshell, important developmental changes take place throughout our life.REFERENCESReferred tohttp//registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog/PDF/HDE.pdf Human Developmenthttp//www.p-e-p.org/1998). Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 53113-140A Developmental Line of Time Sense In Late Adulthood and throughout the Life CycleCalvin A. Colarusso, M.D.http//links.jstor.org/Changing Perspectives on the American Family in the by Susan M. Juster, Maris A. Vinovskis Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 13, 1987 (1987), pp. 193-216http//links.jstor.org/Clinical Issues of Middle Age and Later Life Boaz Kahana, Eva Kahana Annals of the American honorary society of Political and Social Science, Vol. 464, Middle and Late Life Transitions (Nov., 1982), pp. 140-161http//www.psypress.com/pip/resources/chapters/PIP_adolescence.pdfAdolscence, adulthood, and old ageMichael W. EysenckDated twenty-first July 2007

Professional Development

skipper Development Do it and Remember Wherever you want to go, you drive home no picking unless to instigate from where you are, (Karl Popper) Abstract This paper leave behind delve into the process of an already implemented and on-going proposal of teacher expatiatement at a private girls catholic school day in Capital Federal. The introduction forget state the nature of the project, the problems dealt with and the object lenss, as well as the population involved. The Literature Review will translate the background necessary for its slaying, which includes some bibliographical references that served as backbone to the project.To liftclude we will describe the results of the implementation of the proposal , the impact it has had on the subjects involved and its possible future transports, the latter based on a survey attached in the Appendix. Introduction Thirteen years ago I was offered to coordinate the slope Department of elementary School at a catholic institution . The population involved in this assess were the owners, the authorities of the school, the administrative staff, the teachers, who in the majority had been cogitationing at the school for some time, the pupils and, of course, their parents.On counterbalance analysing the situation, I set myself cardinal types of objectives short barrier objectives and a long term one. The long term objective the authorities commissioned me with, was to improve the level of English of the pupils. This overwhelming t look at could however be fulfill if I set myself short term objectives, which would serve as a scaffold to realise such(prenominal) ambitious goal. It entailed thorough work on the teachers professional development, as it was my deep belief that the close to consequential asset a school could rely on for its improvement was the teachers.After sitting in during lessons, holding meetings and acquiring to know the teachers better, I was able to have a clear insight of what the cha llenges were and, therefore take an get hold of course of action. 2 Literature Review Where to start? After roaming around the school, getting acquainted with the premises, the first task to tackle was create a harmonious atmosphere with and among the teachers and to try to work with them in the akin way I expected them to work in their lessons. There were different dimensions to be considered and none was to be overlooked.One of those aspects was the teachers expectations with respect to the coordination. The new coordination would certainly bring about changes and I had to find out how eager and negotiable they were and if they were not, the challenge would be to provoke the need for change in them. I teach only as well as the atmosphere that I engender. I believe that education is change and that I will not be able to educate unless I am also able to change. (K. Head and P. Taylor (1997- p. 10) For this change to be welcome, the affective dimension was crucial.There was a need to create unstructured time for them to be unitedly and exchange experience and ideas () many different experiences that shape your life and make you the person- and the teacher- that you are. (K. Head and P. Taylor, 1997- p. 19) Successful teamwork would only take place if each participants individuality were respected. This would create the ground for the teachers to feel that they could be themselves and could each contribute, in their own style, to the process of change and development in the area.Personal awareness of their capacities and skills would mainly result from self grammatical construction and by their own questioning of who they are and what they do rather than by any external development agenda. (K. Head and P. Taylor, 1997- p. 1) The coordinations initial job was to draw information about the teachers needs and deeds, to act accordingly. sit in on classes provided the coordination with a clear picture of reality. The positive features were to be enhanced and the negative aspects were to be reversed.To release pressure from teachers, the focus of the coordination would not have to be on the result, i. e, the product of an individual lesson, but on a thorough analysis of the ongoing developmental process. Inspirandose en Sartre (1956), van Lier (comunicacion personal) comenta que en la formacion de profesores les parece util considerar el desarrollo del profesor dentro de un amplio espectro de experiencias (ver figura 1). Tener se relaciona con el conocimiento (de la materia que se ensenan y de pedagogia, del yo y de los demas) y los recursos de que disponen los profesores, hacer con sus destrezas y habilidades para construir oportunidades de aprendizaje, y ser con sus cualidades personales, su vision y su sentido de la mision. (J. Arnold, 1999, p. 22) Ser Tener Hacer Figura 1 Areas para el desarrollo del profesor Consequently the idea of providing workshops that would cater for the needs was implemented. Procedure Planning The implementa tion of the teachers weekly planning of their lessons proved to be effective. The teachers received active feedback, comments, suggestions, praising and criticism and were also able to ask questions and clarify doubts and exchange ideas.One way of seeing how the plans were put into practice was to watch lessons. This was very helpful both, for the teachers and the coordinator, as they showed the needs of the teachers, their individual strengths and weaknesses. Self reflection was fostered by posing the teachers questions on problems to consider and analyse. This type of work was demanding. It was carried out for two years, but then changed to personal chats which, though more time consuming, were more remunerative and welcome. Collaborative work.Sharing ideas and achievements was an central part of the process. A travelling copybook was one of many resources used along the way. With the maxim No teacher is an island (M. J. Wallace, 1998, p. 207) the copybook circulated among th e staff. Teachers were incited to state the nature of a problem they had. The copybook passed on the 4 abide of them who, voluntarily, tried to give a solution to their colleagues problem, or, if they couldnt, just support. () professional isolation is ultimately a rampart to professional development (M.J. Wallace, 1998, p. 207) Enhancing teachers expertise The identification of individual assets led to, what Wallace calls useful division of labour. Specifically this resulted in Drama lessons, provided by a teacher who was also an actress, Cooking lessons, a teacher whose family was in the ply business, just to mention some of a variety of contributions each teacher with their special talent. Workshops In this process, the coordination saw the need to provide teachers with the state of the art in the area of ELT.In order to do this, the teachers were invited to attend in-service courses which sprang from an geographic expedition of their needs. Guided by the motto you learn by doing, the teachers were not lectured on the different trends but experient their application during the workshops if they happened to be interested in the theory behind the practice, they could always resort to the detailed bibliography provided. It was important to raise the teachers awareness as to the theory behind their action so that they had the tools to choose and change.Teachers use their experience a lot to tackle different issues in their daily work, what Head and Taylor call action-knowledge. They should become aware that there is always a theoretical background to what they do, and that the awareness of this will broaden their scope of choice in the classroom situation. Teachers language proficiency was another issue to consider and develop, as most of them had ideal their teacher training courses and had stopped studying English systematically.The workshops were also oriented to improving their language skills. certainty The ultimate objective of the coordination advise be said to have been reached, though not completely. Its success can be measured externally by an International Exam the pupils sit at the end of their Primary School Cambridge Preliminary English Test. After a lot of hard work, this has been a great achievement. The teachers were apt(p) a questionnaire to complete (Appendix 1) whose results are under analysis.However, the teachers immediate reaction to the task resulted in more viands for thought than the actual written completion of the questionnaires. The teachers 5 expressed their satisfaction with what had already been done as regards their professional development, and couldnt suggest any further subject for future courses. This may have two readings on the one hand, teachers also have a sense of achievement on the other hand, it should encourage the coordinator to go on with the exploration of possibilities for development and improvement of the pedagogics staff.To conclude, though we feel that the long term goal wa s partly achieved, as a result of the implementation of the short term ones, it is clear to us that teacher development should be an on-going, never-ending, life-long process. Appendix 1 schoolmaster Development Survey- November, 2003 6 Dear teachers, I would be very grateful if you could fill in the following questionnaire and give it back to me as presently as possible. 1. How long have you been teaching English in this school? Write X where appropriate) 1 year More than 2 More than 5 More than 8 2. Have you attended courses for Professional Development at school or elsewhere? Yes No If your answer is yes, which courses can you mention? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Have your teaching strategies changed in some way as a result of t he courses? If so, in what way? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. What aspects of the school have contributed to your professional development ? give each a mark from 1 to 5, 5 being the most relevant aspect) Choice of text-books Project work Collaborative team-work Coordination meetings In-service training Others ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What type of course would help develop your teaching further? Make suggestions. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A ppendix 2 Budget The school paid a lucre to the coordinator to perform her duties as such and to help the teachers develop professionally. The teachers, on the other hand, were invited to participate in the workshops and the owners of the school considered that the teachers participation in in-service workshops was a fringe benefit for them. References Head, K. and Taylor P. , 1997, Readings in Teacher Development, Heinemann, Oxford Arnold, J. , 1999, La dimension afectiva en el aprendizaje de idiomas, Traduccion de Alejandro Valero, CUP, Madrid. Wallace, M. J. , 1998, Action Research for Language Teachers, CUP, UK.

Mohammed Morsi Essay

The Islamic unions Mohammed Morsi has become Egypts archetypal freely elected chairwoman after a delayed contract of the results of last weekends runoff. He beat causeer Prime rector Ahmed Shafiq by to a greater extent than al or so 900,000 votes. Morsi secured 51.7% of the vote, comp bed to 48% for Shafiq.Mohammed Morsi heads the exemption and Justice party (FJP), the Muslim Br otherwisehoods governmental arm.Mubarak nominate Shafik as pristine minister in retort to the protests against his regime. Shafik re polarityed a little more than a month later amid protests decrying him as a withholdover from a discredited, ousted regime. Supports the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) SCAF is serious most berth handover and is seeking to achieve the goals of the revolution. SCAF stands at an equal distance from every governmental and phantasmal powers. Parliamentary electionsthe Muslim Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice ships company seems set to emerge as the big gest progressner, with any(prenominal) analysts estimating it pull up stakes capture about 40% of seats in the newly legislature. Al-Nour, a more conservative Salafist party, looks apparent to secure second place.The Muslim Brotherhood (kn testify in Arabic as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen) is Egypts oldest and largest Islamist organization. As the most organized competition cryst on the wholeise following the ouster of causation President Hosni Mubarak in 2011, the Brotherhood became the soils dominant political force, pleasing a near majority of seats in the post-revolution sevens, and its tushdidate, Mohammed Morsi, winning the presidency. Some Egyptians are concerned over the groups aim to constitute a reconcile rulight-emitting diode by sharia, or Islamic natural law, and ambiguity over its respect for human rights. Such concerns intensify after Morsi announced new sweeping powers for the presidency in late 2012 and a draft of theproposed makeup was published. The dom estic political challenges also provide a difficult road for U.S.-Egypt relations, especially with regards to foreign upkeep.The Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the political party of the Muslim Brotherhood, could non arouse come into being without the 25 January revolution. Up to that time, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Egypts most powerful Islamist organization, was not only denied the right to form parties, tho also barred at least legally from political life. As a result, the group had to pay a heavy price in detentions and repression to practice politics under the rule of former President Hosni Mubarak. The group had been trying to get a foothold in the dry lands political arena for decades but was met with entrenched opposition by the Mubarak regime, which tended to accommodate the Brotherhood, but only within stiff limits.Now, after the 25 January become, the groups political ambitions cede resurged on an unprecedented scale. Officially founded in May 2011, the FJ P says that it is committed to a innovative enunciate, democracy, womens rights, and national unity. The FJPs initial social status of close nine thousand included one thousand women and one hundred Copts. newfangled members are state to a probationary period of six months after which, and based on their performance record, they become desirable for permanent membership. The FJPalong with the Salafist Al-Nouris among a very hardly a(prenominal) Egyptian political parties that issue probationary membership Formed alliance with find out of Democratic Alliance (Freedom and Justice)Al-Nour PartyEstablished in the wake of the 25 January uprising, Al-Nour (The Light) Party is the largest of Egypts three licensed Salafist parties (the other two being Al-Asala and Al-Fadila Parties). It was established by Al-Dawa Al-Salafiyya (The Salafist Call), Egypts largest Salafist group, commonly admitn as Al-Daawa Movement. Al-Daawa started in Alexandria where it now enjoys a healthy follo wing.Al-Nour Party was officially licensed in June 2011. Official registration is of para backup importance in Egypt at the present time, as the current election law limits the right to contest two-thirds of the seats of the upcoming parliament to a limited number of officially registered parties, including Al-Nour. Under the rule of former President Hosni Mubarak, the state by and large did not allow for the formation of Islamist parties, but after the revolution many Islamist groups managedto obtain official political party license.The Islamist axis vertebra is an electoral partnership formed by three Islamist political parties with the aim to comprise their efforts in the upcoming parliamentary elections. The Islamist Bloc is comprised of the Salafist Al-Nour and Al-Asala Parties, as well as the Building and Development Party, the latter(prenominal) of which was founded by the Islamic Group (Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya).Wafad partyWafd Party is one of Egypts oldest liberal parties and is expected to form a significant role in the upcoming elections. With deposed President Hosni Mubaraks persuasion party officially disbanded, Wafd has emerged as an influential player in the political arena. The party commands the largest network that any political party in Egypt possesses today, covering major cities in twenty-four out of twenty-six Egyptian governorates. With a lofty group of top Egyptian businessmen on its membership list, Al-Wafd stands out as one of the few established parties that do not face the same financial constraints that feel historically challenged many of the countrys political parties. The party also enjoys a very strong presence in the media, thank to its famous daily newspaper, its Internet portal, and a professional, well-equipped media department.Additionally, Wafds current leader Al-Sayed Al-Badawi is owner of Al-Hayat, one of Egypts top five television channels. Such are luxuries that very few Egyptian parties possess. Wafds annals da tes back to the beginning of party life under the monarchy, making it the oldest among existing Egyptian political parties. The name of the party is Arabic for The Delegation, and it references Saad Zaghlouls attempt in 1919 to lead a popular delegation to the post-World struggle I Paris Peace Conference to demand independence for Egypt against the go forth of British occupation authorities. exist by the immense popular support that Zaghloul was able to garner for his mission, British authorities exiled the Egyptian ultranationalistic leader along with members of the prospective delegation to Malta. This move instigated a mass uprising, which led to the 1919 Revolution.The Egyptian BlocThe Egyptian Bloc consists of the Free Egyptians Party, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party and Al-Tagammu Party. The Bloc is often visualized as a secular-leaning alliance that seeks to counterbalance the influence of the Muslim Brotherhoodin the upcoming elections, specifically the Brotherhood led Democratic Alliances electoral coalition. Members of the Bloc announced in early November that their partnership is not simply a short-term electoral coalition, but encompasses a long-term political alliance aimed at turning Egypt into a civil republican state.Magdi AbdelhadiMiddle East analystThe Islamists rise to power in Egypt get out send shockwaves finished the administrations and palaces of conservative Arab kings and presidents who nurture tried for decades to put the lid on political Islam. precisely foremost among Egypts neighbours who watched the brotherhoods success with increasing alarm is Israel. Cairo was the first Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel and the brotherhood has traditionally been vehemently opposed to that. But its opposition has softened over the years at least publicly.It is widely believed that the Muslim Brotherhood have reassure Washington that an Islamist government in Egypt would respect the peace deal with Israel. Given also t hat the ruling legions council entrust continue to have the final say on matters of war and peace, it is un the likely that the brotherhood can put that peace at risk. It is also more likely that Mr Mursis immediate priority will be to concentrate on Egypts many daunting domestic problems including rampant poverty and unemployment.Debating leadinghiphttp//www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/opinion/21iht-edzewail21.html?pagewanted=allFrom the time of Ramses II, the strong pharaoh who ruled Egypt thousands of years ago, until last year when Hosni Mubaraks reign ended, Egyptians were never able to witness a debate over who should take over the democratic reins in the highest office of the land. Our new culture of debate, unitedly with the election of the Parliament last December, are milestones in the history of the nation, paving a new, but rocky, path toward democracy. The open debate between the secular and religious orientations of politics wasunthinkable over the past 60 years. This new openness means the Egyptian soundbox politic is maturing. In the end, Egyptians know that, for the first time, they can choose their future. It wint be laid or imposed by anyone.Army protected revoUnlike in nearby Syria or forward in Libya, the Egyptian Army has interpreted the high road and protected the revolution in its infancy. And it has been the defender of these unprecedented transparent elections.ProblemsAmong the most serious problems are stinting hardship, the uncertainty of the political climate and the refineslope of security a feature that Egyptian society faces anew. These problems have been compounded over the past 15 months as each of the three main constituencies involved in the revolution the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), which is in charge of the transition period the politically liberal as well as Islamic-oriented parties and the youth who triggered the uprising have stumbled in one focal point or another.Little bloodshedIt is a hope ful sign indeed that we Egyptians are still marching forward toward democracy with relatively little bloodshed. All signs fate that a counterrevolution is not in store for Egypt. We will not turn back to a undemocratic governing system. Perhaps the most encouraging of all is the confidence of Egyptians in their future.In Egypt, a conquest for Democracy but Fear for the Futurehttp//www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-25/in-egypt-a- advantage-for-democracy-but-fear-for-the-future So many inquirys remain unanswered that what can high hat be verbalize is that either SCAF and the Brotherhood have worked out a deal of some sort or the political jousting has only just begun, wrote Issandr El Amrani, a popular blogger on Egyptian politics. both the Brothers andSCAF have positioned themselves in a manner in which backing down from their respective positions on the question of parliament and the Supplemental systemal Declaration would be a loss of face. Tensions ran high for two week s, when the SCAF put on legislative responsibilities after shutting down the Islamist-controlled Parliament, announced a Supplemental Constitutional Declaration that drastically reduced presidential powers, and gave themselves the ability to veto articles of drafts of Egypts new constitution.They also reintroduced martial law, allowing soldiers to arrest civilians. Critics called their actions a soft coup. The Muslim Brotherhood, the most powerful political player in Egypt, has on the surface refused to judge any of these decisions, staging a sit-in in Tahrir Square and issuing aggressive statements to the media, all the temporary hookup vowing to pressure the forces government to rescind their declarations. It was a rare move, as the pragmatic group is more generally known for cutting deals with the regime rather than going toe-to-toe. Last week, with the possibility of a victory by Ahmed Shafiq, the other candidate in the run-off election who is widely viewed as aligned with t he phalanx, the Brotherhood showed a willingness to work with the revolutionary groups it had mostly ignored since the uprising against Mubarak.Morsi pledged to form a national salvation government to include secular politicians, Christians, and women. The big question is Can they build a broader, more inclusive front that can effectively challenge SCAFs grip on power? asks Shadi Hamid, director of query at the Brookings Doha Center. Now that fear of Shafiqs victory has passed, is on that point still enough that binds the opposition groups in concert? I do think the Brotherhood has at least implicitly acknowledged the mistakes of recent months and they have tried to strike a more conciliatory tone, and the recognition that they cant do this wholly because they are fighting a very challenging adversary SCAF and the old regime. To add to the challenges of running a country with a crumbling economy, President Morsi won with a narrow margin, garnering 51.7 percent of the vote. He h ad promised to be the president of all Egyptians during his first get by to the nation Sunday night.The game was being played almost like a game of poker on both sides, says Hani Shukrallah, managing editor of the English-language online version of the Al Ahramnewspaper. If we have reached a compromise, thats a bit helpful for healing the deep schismswithin society. We have a society thats been split down the middle, with enormous polarization. Most of the mint who voted for Morsi did so out of dread of Shafiq. On a side street leading to Tahrir Square on Sunday night, Ehab El Shawi led his three children to the epicentre of the celebration in the birthplace of Egypts uprising.Like many, he was caught between rejoicing at the whim of a new president and the reality of the offices lack of power. This is the first time all Egyptian people made a choice in 7,000 years to elect a standard Egyptian citizen. This is the first time we have freedom in more than 60 years, El Shawi said h appily of the first non-military president in Egypts history. But we have to change all the decisions taken during the presidential elections and force the powers to ensure Dr.Morsi will have all the power to make Egypt a modern country, he added. We still need to take Egypt back from the old regime...TimelineAnti-Mubarak protests2010 February Former UN nuclear chief Mohammed ElBaradei returns to Egypt and, together with opposition figures and activists, forms a coalition for political change. ElBaradei says he might run in presidential election scheduled for 2011. 2010 March President Mubarak undergoes gall-bladder surgery in Germany, returning to Egypt three weeks later. 2010 June Muslim Brotherhood fails to win any seats in elections to the Shura consultative upper house of parliament alleges vote was rigged. 2010 November Coptic Christians jolt with police in Giza over construction of church. Parliamentary polls, followed by protests against alleged vote rigging. Muslim Bro therhood fails to win a single seat, though it held a fifth of the places in the last parliament. 2011 January 21 killed in bomb at church in Alexandria where Christians had gathered to mark the New Year. Anti-government demonstrations, apparently encouraged by Tunisian street protests which prompted sudden departure of President Ben Ali.President Mubarak reshuffles his cabinet but fails to placate demonstrators, whose calls for his calmness grow louder. Days later he promises to step down in September. 2011 February President Mubarak steps down and detention powerto the regular army council. 2011 March Egyptians approve package of constitutional reforms aimed at paving the focus for new elections. 2011 April Former President Mubarak and his sons, Ala and Gamal, are arrested on suspicion of corruption. 2011 April- sublime Protests continue in Cairos Tahrir Square over slow pace of political change. Islamist groups come to the fore. Army finally disperses protestors in August . 2011 August Former President Mubarak goes on trial in Cairo, charged with ordering the killing of demonstrators earlier in the year.2011 October Clashes between Coptic Christians and security forces kill 24 people. Egypt and Israel swap 25 Egyptians in Israeli fetter for a US-Israeli citizen accused of spying. 2011 November Violence in Cairos Tahrir lusty as security forces clang with protesters accusing the military of trying to keep their grip on power. Prime look EssamSharaf resigns in response to the unrest. Start of parliamentary elections. 2011 December National unity government headed by new Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzouri takes office. 2012 January Islamist parties emerge as victors of drawn-out parliamentary elections. 2012 March Pope Shenouda III, the veteran head of the Coptic Church, dies. 2012 April Crisis in relations with Saudi Arabia over the Saudi detention of an Egyptian lawyer briefly threatens the substantial aid that the Saudis provide Egypt.First free presidential poll2012 May Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi go past the first round of voting in first free presidential elections, narrowly ahead of Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafiq. Official media put turnout at a low 43%. Military leadership announce the end of the state of emergency in place since Anwar al-Sadats assassination in 1981, as its last renewal expires. 2012 June Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi narrowly wins presidential election.Armyvs civilian rule accost sentences ex-President Mubarak to life in prison for complicity in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising. 2012 July President Mursi submits to a Supreme Court ruling that the parliamentary elections were invalid, after initially ordering parliament to meet in defiance of a military ordination dissolving it in June.2012 August New prime ministerHishamQandil appoints a cabinet dominated by figures from the outgoing government, technocrats and Islamists, to the ex clusion of secular parties. Islamist fighters attack anarmy outpost in Sinai, killing 16 soldiers, and mount a brief incursion into Israel, highlighting the tenuousness of government control over the largely-lawless area. President Mursi dismisses Defence Minister Tantawi and Chief of Staff Sami Annan and strips military of say in legislation and drafting the new constitution. 2012 September Egypt kills 32 militants and destroys 31 smuggling tunnels to Gaza in an offensive against militants who attacked troops in Sinai in August. 2012 November Bishop Tawadros is chosen as the new pope of Egypts Coptic Christians.President Mursi issues a decree giving himself extensive new powers. The decree sparks angry demonstrations and is condemned by Egypts top judges, who accuse him of undermining the independence of the judiciary. The Islamist-dominated constituent assembly tasked with writing a new constitution approves all 234 articles of the draft constitution, which boosts the role of Is lam in Egypts system of government. The assembly academic term is boycotted by liberal, left-wing and Christian members. The vote is held earlier than originally scheduled, after Egypts constitutional court threatened to dissolve the constituent assembly. http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13315719http//www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/23-egypt-indykProspects for Democracy in EgyptTheres a conventional wisdom in the United States that Arabs are incapable of sustaining a true Western-style, liberal democracy. It will take them hundreds of years to acquire a democratic culture, the argument goes. And in the meantime new sniffy regimes either Islamist or military will replace the ones that have been overthrown in the past year and cast us all a lesson in Arab democracy. Advocates of this view were the first to announce, with all-knowing smiles, that the Arab Spring had become an Arab Winter. When Islamist parties won free and mostly fair elections in Tunisia, Egypt an d Morocco in recent months, the proponents of this view had an I told you so meaning and they were quick to denounce anybody who said otherwise as hopelessly naive.After a prolonged hibernation, politics has broken out in Cairo, the capital of the Arab Awakenings. For the first time in six decades people are acquiring a taste for freedom and, yes, Western-style democratic politics. The issues they debate so vigorously are sarcastic to the shape of Egypts democratic future What will be the residual powers of the Egyptian military? Whats the best model for dividing powers between the Presidency and the Parliament? What revisions should be made to the Constitution to ensure democratic rule?At the same time, the newly-elected parties are busy engaging in the horse-trading necessary to coalition politics, since no one party gained a majority (the Muslim Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice Party won around 47 percent of the vote the Salafi Al-Nour Party won 25 percent, and a mix of libera l parties won the rest.). We were treated to an amazing sight Salafi religious purists attempting to negotiate an alliance with liberal secularists. How did they reassert such a pragmatic deal?The enemy of my enemy is my friend, one of them explained to us. They can both adjudge on a short-term political agenda countering the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood and getting the army out of politics. And what about the imposition of Sharia law? The leader of the Salafi Al-Nour Party noted that his party is wanton with the conservative nature of Egyptian society so a campaign to impose sharia law is unnecessary. They can be satisfied (at least for the time being) with the existing language of Article 2 of the Constitution which states that the principles of Islamic shariah will guide the state.This kind of pragmatic politics is deeply disturbing to the rib Salafis a young generation of Salafis whose makeshift headquarters is in a Costa cafe. They denounce their elders not so much f or being willing to compromise, which they readily accept as part of the new politics, but of failing to articulate through fatwas the religious basis for those compromises. Its as if the Salafi leadership, propelled onto the political stage for the first time, has become unplugged and tactile propertys able to do whatever is necessary in the political realm to protect its company of socialconservatives. They reminded me of the religious parties in IsraelMeanwhile, the Muslim Brotherhood is busy making its own compromises with the military and with other liberal parties that would enable its Freedom and Justice Party to build a governing and empowered coalition (at the moment, they can control the parliament but until its powers are defined in the constitution and the military hands over power, they cannot control the government). Whereas the Salafis are looking to constrain the Muslim Brotherhood, the MB is focused on how to tranquilize fears of its intentions.After operating fo r eighty years in the political wilderness, the MB has learned just how frail this moment could turn out to be. Thats why its leadership is more willing to compromise with the military than the other parties to its left and right. Consequently, the other parties fear that the MB will sell them out to the military in some sweetheart deal that compromises the revolution and their abilities to use democratic rules of the game to constrain the MB and hold the military accountable.This tension will likely manifest itself in the massive demonstrations that are expected on January 25 in Tahrir Square to commemorate the first anniversary of the Revolution. The military and the MB have called for a celebration, complete with party balloons and patriotic songs. Youth activists and some liberal parties, particularly exercised by the eighty some demonstrators who were killed by the police and the army in crackdowns in November and December last year, are calling for a demonstration against mil itary rule. Some of the far-left revolutionary youth are calling for a campaign of violence.The centering the January 25 demonstrations play out will be only one of the ways in which square politics and party politics interact in Egypts newly dynamic democracy. All the parties feel that they can claim legitimacy from the peoples mandates that they have received in the elections. This empowers them to stand up to the military in demanding that it leave the political arena promptly and allow Egyptian democracy to have its day. If the military focuses only on protecting its narrow interests (e.g., retaining its business interests, claiming immunity from prosecution forpast actions, demanding only responsibility for protecting the states borders), then a reasonable compromise can be fashioned. However, if the military insists on specifying reserve powers in the constitution and protecting its budget from civilian oversight, then the people know the way back to Tahrir Square. As one new ly-elected parliamentarian put it We are legitimate now the army is not.And what about the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty? We didnt raise the issue they did. It came up in most conversations in the following way We have been elected by the people. Were responsible to them. The people want stability, above all. They want the police back in the streets and calm and predictability restored to their daily lives. We dont like the way Israel treats the Palestinians. We dont like the price that Israel pays for Egyptian gas. But were not going to weed with the peace treaty. That sentiment is so widely shared that one of the heads of the Muslim Brotherhood could declare to the New York Times last week that the peace treaty is a commitment of the state, and therefore will be respected.The sense of responsibility that rests on the shoulders of those who would govern 87 million people is palpable. They know the severe economic straits that they will have to confront. They know that neither touris ts nor foreign investment will return to Egypt unless there is a clear commitment to stability. And they know the people will not forgive them if they fail to address their basic needs for order, jobs and housing. In short, newly-elected Egyptian politicians the Muslim Brotherhood first and foremost understand that they have to make a choice between feeding the people and fighting Israel, and for the time being they have made a conscious choice of bread over bombs.The concomitant that Palestine is not a priority for the Egyptian people has been manifest since the early days of the revolution. It was underscored for me during a lecture I gave at the American University in Cairo, just off Tahrir Square. A Palestinian student, draped in a Palestinian flag, stood with a makeshift banner in silent protest at the front of the hall. Despite this big(p) reminder, during the ensuing ninety-minute Q&A session withstudents and journalists no-one asked a question about Palestine.To be sure, theres forever the risk that populist politicians will outbid each other in their demagoguery on the Palestinian issue, especially if Israeli-Palestinian violence flares. But Israel is particularly sensitive to this possibility and the Muslim Brotherhood is apparently signalize its Hamas branch to keep things quiet too. (With 350 trucks a day passing from Israel into Gaza, and smuggling of weapons through the tunnels continuing apace, Hamas has its own reasons for maintaining the current de facto ceasefire with Israel.)What was perhaps most striking to me, however, was the attitude of the new political class to the United States. I had expected to encounter hostility after all the United States had been Mubaraks staunch ally through the three decades of his Pharaohnic rule. I had assumed that the Islamist politicians in particular would be antagonistic towards American influence in post-revolutionary Egypt, just as the Iranian clerics have manifested intense antagonism towards t he United States since their revolution.Yet Egypts Islamists all seemed keen to engage with the United States government. The Muslim Brotherhood was trying to understand President Obamas intentions in demanding that the military hand over power to civilian (i.e. Muslim Brotherhood) rule, expeditiously. They werent sure how to deal with the fact that Bill Burns, the Deputy Secretary of State, had just met with their leadership. But one thing they were very certain about they need U.S. economic assistance and U.S. help in mobilizing international assistance. They were therefore quite anxious to know how Congress would treat them.Because of this new U.S. Government engagement with their arch-rivals, the Salafis too are seeking American recognition. Their leaders are keen to come to Washington to explain their intentions. They even appear willing to engage with Israel to establish their bona fides one of their leaders recently gave an interview to Israeli Army Radio.